Google Inc. in China Essay

PROBLEM Tom Maclean is in dilemma of identifying the possible appropriate course of action he would take, acknowledging all negative attention of Google, Inc. entering the Chinese territory through the development of Google.cn, a search engine residing in China. OBJECTIVES * To provide the best possible course of action that is appropriate for Tom Maclean to communicate in the meeting with supervisor and his peer group. * To assess thoroughly the factors and courses of action concerning Google.cn that may affect the company. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION 1. Google had adopted the informal corporate motto â€Å"Don’t be evil† from the founders’ letter and also developed an ethical code of conduct for both internal and external audiences. 2. Google’s mission is â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.† 3. China’s well-documented abuses of human rights are in violation of internationally recognized norms, stemming both from the authorities’ intolerance of dissent and the inadequacy of legal safeguards for basic freedoms. In 2005, China stepped up monitoring, harassment, intimidation, and arrest of journalists, Internet writers, defense lawyers, religious activists, and political dissidents. 4. China took a two-pronged approach to censoring the Internet. First, authorities restricted the production, development, and dissemination of improper content. Second, authorities monitored the perusal of content or receipt of information. â€Å"Harmful† content included material concerning democracy (e.g., freedom), religious cults (e.g., Falun Gong), or antigovernment protests (e.g., Tiananmen Square). 5. Google, Inc. first entered the Chinese market in early 2000 by creating a Chinese-language version of its home page. Google’s approach was to maintain a Chinese-language version of Google.com that was housed in the United States but could handle search requests originating within China. 6. In September 2002, Google.com was inaccessible for two weeks. When reinstated, it was slow and temperamental for all Chinese users and completely inaccessible for Chinese colleges and universities. According to Elliot Schrage, Google’s vice president of Global Communications and Public Affairs, â€Å"The average time to download a Google Web page was more than seven times slower than for Baidu, the leading Chinese search engine.† 7. In 2004, Google realized that its approach in China was not sustainable. Google was losing market share to Baidu, and others, including Yahoo! and Microsoft, were gaining ground through their local presence. 8. Tom MacLean, director of International Business at Google, Inc. managed the decision to physically enter Chinese territory through the development of Google.cn—a search engine residing in China. This product was â€Å"faster and more reliable, and provide more and better search results for all but a handful of politically sensitive subjects.† 9. The search results of Google.cn were subject to Chinese filtering and monitoring, which drew ire from nongovernmental organizations, academics, press, and the general public, culminating in a U.S. congressional hearing on February 15, 2005. Critics blamed Google for supporting a country with a totalitarian regime, known for its numerous human-rights violations. 10. Andrew McLaughlin, an attorney for Google, stated: â€Å"While removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information †¦ is more inconsistent with our mission.† ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Remain in China through Google.cn and comply with Chinese laws and regulations that require the search results to be censored. Advantages * There will be more global connections. * The need for information across all borders. * They will expand their market share. Disadvantages * It does not conform to their mission. * Criticisms of the society will continue to arise. * Diminishing of free speech due to censorship. 2. Discontinue Google.cn and withdraw their stay in China Advantages * It would give good impression to the public by not supporting a country with a totalitarian regime. * Criticisms will diminish. Disadvantages * They would be missing out one of the largest economies. * Losing the Chinese market would hurt global strategy. * It would decrease their market share. * It will be more inconsistent to their mission. RECOMMENDATION After judging the internal and external factors, and considering Google’s stated commitment to organize and make information universally accessible and useful on the internet, I have come to the conclusion that Tom MacLean and Google, Inc. should choose to stay in China and respect the country’s custom and tradition. Google’s presence in China would undoubtedly have had  a liberalizing influence in the country, while being a huge investment for its shareholders. The company would make more money, and keep the business and employees. It will make meaningful contributions to the overall expansion of access to information in China, though imperfect. As what Andrew McLaughlin said, while removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information is more inconsistent with our mission.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development Essay

The environmental impacts on one’s behavior can often determine factors that will shape future behaviors. During critical and sensitive periods development can be greatly affected. Critical periods occur when the existence of certain types of environmental stimuli become necessary for development to continue conventionally. It is theorized that development during the critical period is easily influenced, specifically in the area of personality and social development. On the other hand, during sensitive periods the organism becomes particularly vulnerable to certain types of stimuli in their environment. Unlike critical periods, the absence of stimuli in a sensitive period does not always result in immutable consequences. Societal influences are believed to play a large role on the environmental impacts of development. The way we have been socialized or conditioned is a response to environmental stimuli. For instance, gender is something socially constructed and society places expectations on individuals according to their gender, which will determine the roles they will later fulfill in society. A publication from U.C. Santa Cruz states the following of gender acquisition and the societal influences that are perpetuated around them. Gender stereotypes in infants are perpetuated by society’s expectations and perceptions. Societal influences, preconceived notions and expectations enforce already existing gender stereotypes†¦ Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. In the study of forty-eight children, their mothers, and 16 college students, gender based stereotypes influenced interaction with infants which in turn socialized the infants to conform to their respective gender role. Ratings of the female infants centered on their small size and beauty. Male infants are judged usually according to their ability and intelligence. While evidence of gender stereotyping in infant ratings are becoming less dominant after adolescence, sex stereotyping in adults’ behavior towards infants has changed little. Obviously, society shapes the gender stereotypes that both children and adults hold. (Rivera, 1996)

Experimental Psychology Essay

Remembering has to do with being able to recall information, being able to retrieve information kept in the log-term memory. Forgetting occurs when information that was encoded and kept in a person’s long-term memory is lost. This may occur gradually or spontaneously. Repeating or reviewing information reduces forgetting rates. Theories of forgetting include cue-dependent forgetting, organic, trace decay, interference theories and decay theory. Retroactive interference is when the past memory interferes with the later memory; Recalling depends on memory, retrieving the material that was learned. It is closely related to recognition, being in a position to spot any material that one has once encountered. It is thought that the rate of forgetting is highest soon after the learning task is over. This rate is believed to be the highest on the first day but even after the first two weeks, this rate is likely to be high still. However, if an individual persistently and consistently covers or carries out the similar activity after two weeks, there are low chances of forgetting. It is also thought to be easier to remember what someone has read than what the person has heard (Fred, 2002). Causes of Forgetting Forgetting is associated with retroactive interference in which case something new that has been learned usually affects something that was learned some time earlier. In this case, whatever is learned anew interferes with what was learned long ago. The other cause is interactive interference in which case the new and old knowledge tend to mix and interfere with any new learning that might take no place or recall of any new knowledge. Proactive interference happens when information learned earlier on interferes with the learning of any new knowledge. The last cause of forgetting is reactive interference which occurs when either positive or negative feelings or attitudes that a person holds for sometime prevent an individual from learning new information (Eric, 2004). Once material is learned, it is important that it be repeated to memorize fully. Most things that an individual does not intend to remember at first are easily forgotten. Memory and forgetting are closely related as they are all determined by what experience an individual goes through at a certain time. Techniques for Remembering The individual should emphasize on concentration. This means creating and sustaining attention while doing a certain activity. There should be no form of distraction, whatsoever to the individual. To concentrate effectively, a person is supposed to identify anything that will cause distraction while concentrating and try to eliminate or evade the distracting agent. This may be either internal or external interference. Internal distractions can be dealt with by writing down the distractions on a piece of a paper and dealing with them later. External distractions can be handled by avoiding them physically as they are in the environment. It is important to comprehend information as this could assist in the remembering process. Comprehending entails getting actively interested in what one is doing. Memory assists much in remembering what has been learned in a certain period of time. Memory can be improved by sharpening on what has already been learned. Memory is perfected through work with passage of time. Sufficient concentration on what is being done also helps to sharpen memory. It has been discovered that forgetting forms part of remembering. There exist some competing memories in human beings. For memory to function well, the brain has to actively block competing memories. The kind of forgetting that is induced is of great benefit as it assists to suppress the competing memories (Gresham, 2002). Writing Research Reports A research report is written aimed at giving people a chance to read the work you have done selectively. The paper will be read by various individuals; some of them are likely to be looking for just sections within that paper hence the report has to be organized in a sequence so as to give the potential readers an easy time looking for what they want in your paper. A research report is made up of various parts. However a standard research report is made up of such parts as highlighted below. Each of the sections of a research report is supposed to begin on a new page. Various articles, journals have different contents and others deviate from the normal way of writing a report. The following sections are however generally considered as being key and must be included in the form given below. Title page, then the abstract, the introduction is to be next followed by materials and methods used in the report. The results for the report project are to come next followed by a discussion basing on the results of the report. The literature cited is to come just after the discussion. Examples to illustrate what the report is about are to come afterwards. Some journals however tend to emphasize that a summary be included in the report just after the discussion. It is also possible that appendix having equations, calculations and formulas can be included in the report as other technical articles do. The above order is the standard order as the sections of the report are supposed to follow each other (McMillan, 1994). While writing a research report, it is important that paragraphs be used in separating major points. These should be in a logical order and present tense has to be used in describing what is already established. Past tense has to be used in giving results relating to your own specific experiments. The title page is supposed to have a relevant topic that will inform the reader what to expect in the report. This should have names as well as addresses related to the author together with the date when the report was handed in. The abstract is supposed to give a summary of what the study is all about, important conclusions from the study and this is to be brief, only a paragraph. It is to be written in past tense. The introduction is supposed to show why the study was carried out, how relevant the report is, how the aim of the experiment and the results relate to the thesis. It should not be as conclusive as the main body is to expound much. Methods and the materials give a documentation of main procedures in the study and this enables the other person reading your work to reproduce the work, if they so want to. It should be in past tense. Only information that is relevant to the intended party is included. In the results, an analysis has to be done and data presented as a table, graph or in narrative form, with the heading. It should be changed data. The relationship of sections within the converted data has to be described vividly. In the discussion part, the data is interpreted. Give a decision on whether your theory is supported or not. Make a relevant conclusion and explain if any modifications can be done to test your hypothesis. It is important to explain the observations very clearly and these should base on relevant principles. Any data that you generate ion your own has to be clearly distinguished from that gotten from a published material (Joyce, 2002). Give a clear decision on whether design supported the experimental hypothesis. Literature cited involves the material cited within the report, names of authors in alphabetical order. Here, only primary material is used. Where no references were used in the report, state so. References Eric, M. (2004). Educational Psychology. Washington: World ahead Publishers. Fred, R. (2002). Critical and Creative Thinking: Cases. New York: Prentice Hall. Gresham, P. (2002). Modern online auctioning. Ottawa: Heril. Joyce, J. (2002). How to Write a Research Paper. California: Cahners Publishers. McMillan, N. (1994). Paper writing in Biological Sciences (2nd edition). New Jersey: McGraw- Hill.

IT Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Management - Article Example They also provide storage for these files. Computers will also improve file and data management at the Opera House. With digital storage, access and editing of files and data is also easier. A printer is also an important piece of hardware.It is essential for printing output from the computer. The most required software for the PC’s is the operating system. This provides a platform for the user’s to interact with the systems’ hardware (Anderson, p 112). This interaction interface is essential to help the staff to manage their PC’s. An antivirus is also important because it protects the computers from malware attacks. These attacks can have devastating effects, such as data loss. Some applications that are required for the House to run effectively vary according to the functions to be performed. Microsoft Outlook is the most common mailing management software. It will help the users when corresponding through emails. A web browser will used by the staff to access web pages during their browsing sessions. QuickBooks and Sage are the common applications used in finance management, and they are considered the best in the field. These applications will help the finance department ease the burden of manual management of financial activities. Sage Human Resource Management System is the most effective human resources software available in the market. It provides solutions for payroll management and it handles other activities related to the human resources department. The use of IT is a powerful tool in the marketing strategy (Englander, p 107). It provides gateways for the Opera House to advertise its events. This can be achieved by posting the events in the most visited websites in the related field. This involves creating of e-banners, advertisements and posters with details about the events and posting them on thesites with the most traffic. The use of social media and networks is also an effective way to create awareness about the events. This can be

MIMO implementation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MIMO implementation - Case Study Example Some of the reasons are because it is facilitating easy transactions and enhancing a lot of convenience in their lives as compared to before. Currently, billions of people own a mobile phone around the world. The need for other industries to embrace mobile technology advancements and make heavy investments in it has resulted in the need for high speed, and reliable communication channels. Thus, the industry has witnessed an increasing need for enhancing users’ demands for throughput, and superior service and coverage. The research utilizes GNU Radio platform for implementation, and this is extended by the use of SFBC cipher. A demodulation block is part of the receiver component for data demodulation. The GNU Radio toolkit offers the platform for development. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is increasingly being recognized as the most superior data transmission technology with the capacity to realize these arising requirements. Wide level of research by a number of scholars have validated the fact that, MIMO promises to offer a number of precise system solutions. In comparison to SISO, the technology has specific capabilities that would enable it to enhance radio channel capacity as well as the service eminence. According to Ryu (2008), â€Å"this can be done by exploiting the spatial diversity and overcoming the effects of multipath fading†. GNU Radio is a platform comprising of core runtime library. It is an open-source software development toolkit that is quite powerful and useful especially, in developing components of real-time signal processing applications. Programs developed under this platform are often written using C++ and Python programming languages. Users can reuse codes from earlier developed signal processing components, carrying out modifications, or creating their own original blocks. The objective of this paper is to objectively look at how MIMO applicable systems can be

Organizational Culture and Harley-Davidson Case Study

Organizational Culture and Harley-Davidson - Case Study Example The success of Harley-Davidson as a company can be attributed to its strong organizational culture. Harley-Davidson management strived to rediscover the things their company did best and was gifted with the knowledge of what culture could help achieve its vision of the future. Its leaders consciously re-examined its community roots and undertook actions that served long-term corporate and community purposes (Burack, 1993, p. 78). According to Schuster and Weidman (2006), Harley-Davidson's culture could be described as participatory because it imbues "collaborative decision-making at all levels". Schuster and Weidman (2006) shared that this company applies "collaborative model" because it decentralized the senior management's decision-making down to its salaried-only work groups. Although Harley-Davidson management considers this culture as a "work in progress", it has already attained various success levels throughout the organization. The continued exposure of their leaders and plan t floor employees into working productive teams, the company has gained non-traditional opportunities and it increased the level of employee support for this practice of labor-management partnership. Harley-Davidson's is an epitome of a company's effective approach to people management No doubt, organizational culture... Conversely, failure to comply with cultural norms generates social pressures to conform; thus the individuals would either align with the cultural expectations or face ostracism and ridicule by their peers. Much of this process occurs in an informal and unspecified manner, filling in the gaps left by rational organizational control systems such as reporting relationships and job descriptions. Ultimately, it is the customers that benefits in the application of a We have recommended for Harley-Davidson to establish a website where customers and potential customers can convene, the site will be called "Harley Dreamers" and the goal of this website is to promote Harley-Davidson events and while linking our customers to each other. The site will also offer a "Swap Meet" portion of the website, where subscribers could post ads for motorcycles and parts for sale or for trade. Another feature would be a site like "Bike Log", which could complement the "Swap Meet" site because people purchasing a bike from the site will be able to see where the bike has traveled and users can share their good or bad experiences using Harley-Davidson's motorcycles. "Swap Meet" should be free for all Harley-Davidson customers, since this is the great selling point for getting people to subscribe to this site. Lastly, the "Technical Information Center" is a vital feature of the site where subscribers can obtain answers directly from Harley-Davidson professionals who wo uld answer to their needs 24-hours a day. The GPS system will also enable users to track a bike or they can simply chat with other bike owners about their experiences on our blog. Incidentally, decentralized and collaborative decision-making that already exists in Harley-Davidson culture can work best with

Finance and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance and Management - Essay Example Finally, a decision is arrived at whether the firm can be financed two hundred thousand dollars. This Criterion must answer the following questions: What problem are you solving What is your business proposition for solving the problem Who are your customers Who are your competitors How viable is your business How do you make money Executive Summary is clear & effective as a stand-alone document. In the case, BBC is trying to solve the problem of customization of bicycle frames. There is no business proposition. The customers are mountain bike riders and racing professionals. BBC is a niche player and there is no information about its competitors. BBC makes money by selling Bicycle parts. In Joe's Case, the executive summary is a projection of sales without any explanation on what basis the projection is made. The problem is not clearly stated. From the executive summary, it is evident that Joe's specializes in providing high-quality fast food via company-owned portable carts in high-density urban office locations. The business proposition is clearly stated to provide high-quality fast food which is 100% natural. The customers are employees working in urban office locations. No information is provided about the competitors. ... The executive summary of BBC is very practical and workable. This is a favorable one. The executive summary of Joe's is viable but the sales projections made have no basis. Still this is a favorable one. Product or Service Description This criterion must answer the following questions: What is the product or service What are its attributes Advantages and potential drawbacks Why/how is your product/service more compelling than existing ones or the competition What is the stage of development Do you have a proprietary position or intellectual property protection planned or in place Most successful companies start with just one product or service or a few, at most. Trying to do too much too fast and having to educate the consumer about a product's or service's benefits can push a company under before it's out of the blocks Analysis BBC is having a single product of manufacturing bicycle frames as per the requirements of the customer. The features of the product are light, stiff, responsive and race worthy. The great advantage of BBC is customization and this forms the most compelling reason for choosing BBC. Joe's Redhots sells premium-quality hot dogs and other ready-to-eat luncheon products to upscale business people in high-traffic urban locations. Joe's Redhots is positioned versus other luncheon street vendors as the "best place to have a quick lunch." The features of Joe's product include cleanest carts, the most hygienic servers, the purest, freshest, products, and the best values. Prices are at a slight premium to reflect this superior vending service. Joe's Redhots also is known for its fun and promotional personality, offering consumers something special every week for monetary savings and fun. Interpretation BBC is very clear in its

A brief history of Capitalism, from antiquity to the present Essay

A brief history of Capitalism, from antiquity to the present - Essay Example re the history of capitalism from antiquity to the present; in doing so the paper deals separately with the Ancient, Medieval, and Modern forms of capitalism. Ancient forms of capitalism had its roots in the agrarian societies; the ancient form of capitalism was prevalent in ancient Israel, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and in the ancient Roman empire. Weber is of the opinion that capitalism was at work in antiquity; he purports that the ancient societies were marked by â€Å"dramatic increases in wealth and these were often followed by decline† and therefore he argues that the existence of ‘apparent economic prosperity and expansion’ during this period show the evidence of capitalistic economic structure. Weber views capitalism as an economic system where â€Å"property is an object of trade, and is used by individuals for profit-making in a market economy†; following this definition Weber considers the slave-based agriculture (comprised of slaves and lands) as an ancient manifestation of capitalism (Love 35-36). The landlords and nobles used to levy rents from their dependants and the estates (plantations based o n slave labour) they owned contributed to the economic surplus. The ancient cities were more natural economies which were centres of consumption than production and therefore the economic surplus had a crucial role to play in the prosperity of the economy. Most of the ancient cities depended on grain imports; however, in cities like Rome and Athens private trade was replaced by state intervention which is against the principles of capitalism. However, organized labour and organized division of labour was absent in the ancient societies even though some crude forms of grouping of slave labour was prevalent in certain plantations and factories. Weber’s list of capitalist pursuits in ancient societies include â€Å"government contracts (tax farming and public works), mining, sea trade (maritime loans), overland trade, the leasing of slaves, and the

Education and youth integration into European labour markets the case Study

Education and youth integration into European labour markets the of Balkan countries - Case Study Example e employers recruits & selects the most efficient and smart candidate who is a blend of adaptability, flexibility, vision, critical thinking and charisma. Hence, it is justified to argue that the above mentioned consequences are fruits of globalization that potential employees of 21st century have been reaping in an extremely challenging, complex and unstructured business environment. Education, in this scenario, plays vital role because it informs and shapes the mindsets of youths, who are would-be employees. In fact, the purpose of education is to provide students an insight over contemporary challenges in their society, sharpens their critical thinking / intellect and mentally prepares them for any adverse or favorable future outcomes. For instance, the students learn how they could assimilate pressure and upgrade themselves to comply with modern rules, expectations and demands. This paper will throw light in detail how different kinds and levels of education shape the access of y oung people to jobs of varying advantage and the smoothness of the transition from school to work. The researcher will specifically take into consideration the educational policies, frameworks and models presently implemented in European Union to enhance educational level and prepare students to successfully commence their careers in an uncertain and unpredictable external business environment. It should be emphasized that education may resolve financial problems that are actually the root cause of societal unrest and uncertainty. In other words, the uneducated have become outliers since they barely find any respectable employment opportunity, thereby contributing to growth of unprivileged classes. However, it should not be confused that only free market economic system and capitalism has...The interaction and coordination among people has improved tremendously in last 3 decades after the advent of internet and subsequent use of desktop PCs, laptop notebooks, Personal Digital Assist ants, mobile devices etc. Indeed, there has been greater focus today on research and development function because every nation has understood that a country, with technological backwardness, may not succeed and prosper in today’s extremely challenging external environment.The importance of education in personal and financial development could not be denied. Without education, a person in 21st century could face oneself insecure and unsafe because of complexities, unpredictability and challenges. The educational systems across Germany and United Kingdom have focused on school-based and work-based training sessions, thereby reducing youth unemployment rates and contributing to youth integration in labor markets to a greater extent. Similarly, Austria, Denmark and Netherland also have low youth unemployment rates and greater integration levels. In contrast, France, Italy, Greece and Spain are among notable countries that have very high youth unemployment primarily because of les s focus on vocational specialization and work-based training. Most of the poor and economically unsound Balkan countries have been grappling with grave issue of unemployment, and provide limited educational facilities to every youth.

Facebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Facebook - Essay Example The co-founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, had been accused of stealing the concept of Facebook from three students in Harvard University. However, he won his case against them and cleared any misconceptions about the source of the concept. Facebook was launched when the idea of social networking sites had already been circulated on the web in the form of MySpace, Orkut etc. These competitors were overshadowed by the inventive ideas and features of Facebook. It is a matter of time until another interesting idea makes its way to the top rank and supersedes Facebook. External and internal analysis has been conducted regarding Facebook to facilitate the continuation of the achievement of its goals and objectives. Other than the constant threat of the initiation of an even more inventive idea, Facebook is starting to face ‘Facebook Fatigue’ from the users due to the extensive usage of the same features. Few strategies have been proposed in the report that can be useful for Facebook to improve their service and achieve their goals and objectives. The need of the hour is to inhibit the adaptation of third party applications to ensure greater security, offer new features and functions to handle ‘Facebook Fatigue’ and reduce the number of advertisements display for the users. Facebook 1. Introduction Facebook is a social networking site that has leaped mankind to a new level of social networking; in terms of greater interactivity and communication. It is not only considered as a mechanism to communicate, but also an effective medium to share different types of multimedia, like videos, images, documents etc. It enables the users to stay in touch with their friends, colleagues, family and strangers who might have similar interests or hobbies. It is a global platform where an individual from any race or religion can become a member to communicate with his peers. Facebook has become the most commonly adopted social networking site in the prevail ing times since they have greater number of registered users every day; Facebook shows records that on average, 100 million users access the respective website every day. This report discusses different aspects of the social networking site and how the respective company has gained the status of one of the leading companies in the world. The core objectives and mission statement of the company has also been included to communicate the core values of the company. External, as well as internal analysis has been done for the company to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for the company. An important and final aspect of this report is the proposal of effective strategies to facilitate the achievement of the goals of the company, along with the strategic plans to implement the propositions in the company. The financial impacts of the propositions have not been analyzed in the report due to the unavailability of extensive financial information from Facebook. It is also recommended that some of the proposals should be implemented after attaining feedback from the user to ensure that the tedious task of implementing the changes would cause a positive effect on the users, such as the provision of customization options, lessening of advertisements on profile pages. 2. Company Overview Mark Zuckerberg is one of the main founders of the company. Womack stated that the annual revenues of 2010 amounted to around $2 billion. It has been ranked as the 3rd largest IT company in the world, behind Microsoft and Google. Womack also provided the information that the founder was named as the â€Å"Person of the Year† by Time Magazine in 2010. The value of the company has

Strategic Supply Chain Managemnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Strategic Supply Chain Managemnt - Essay Example As any student of management accounting is aware of, the quantum of capital employed in plant and machinery is more or less uniform across an industry as all players generally opt for the latest technology so as to enjoy maximum levels of operating efficiency. So, there is not much to differentiate between the competitors in that regard. But the area where the leaders leave the stragglers behind is supply chain management and inventory control. If a proper and taut control over inventory is not maintained, the level of capital employed can never be brought down while keeping the operational efficiency intact. (Cox, Sanderson and Watson 2001) These days the management gurus are looking beyond the narrow and immediate confines of inventory management and are looking at managing the supply chain as a whole. Supply chain attempts to view the whole production process as a seamless entity that begins with market research for correctly evaluating consumer demand and follows the flow of inputs and services through the production process right till the time when the finished product reaches the final consumer. Thus this is a wider concept that includes all the stakeholders; right from the supplier that supplies raw materials to the final consumer that buys the product to satisfy a particular need. In between of course lie the producer, the labour and the service inputs from the tertiary sector of the economy. A supply chain in its most basic form has four components, and they are: Supply chain management, as is clear from the above diagram, is basically akin to running a relay race and just as in a relay race the entire team is as good as its weakest link, so also in supply chain management the entire operation is as efficient as its least efficient sections. That is to say, a super efficient manufacturer is not enough to make the entire supply chain effective – all the components must be

Revollutionary and evolutionary socialist hae different ends and means Essay Example for Free

Revollutionary and evolutionary socialist hae different ends and means Essay Socialism is a broad ideology which covers a whole range of different traditions and ideals. There are disagreements within socialism are most definitely between revolutionary and evolutionary socialist in terms of means and ends. Revolutionary socialism believes in the idea that a capitalist system will not easily fall and so the only way to remove a capitalist society is for a mass up rise and overthrow of the system accepting that violence may be involved with this. From a Marxist-Leninist view the way for this to take place is for a vanguard party to help the proletariat to have some sort of revolutionary class consciousness. Revolutionary socialist reject electoral and constitutional politics as it is inextricably tied to the interest of a capitalist society and the ruling class, which is why Marxists see revolution as inevitable as they believe in the complete abolition of it. Revolutionary socialism therefore seeks the abolition of Private property and the state; this is because Marx and Engels viewed capitalism and its traditions to be a system of naked oppression and exploitation on the working masses and therefore the only way to remove capitalism and enforce socialism is by mass up rise from working class. Marxists therefore believe that political power reflects class interests and that the state is a bourgeois state that is based on the capital. Reasons in which there is a need for a overthrow of the bourgeois state by political revolution is because Revolutionary Socialists understand that change by political reform and gradual change which is supported by evolutionary socialist are clearly misleading as the ideas of universal suffrage and regular and competitive elections are simply a disguise of the actual reality of unequal classes and to mislead the political energies of the working class. Hence the need for the class-conscious proletariat to overthrow the capitalist state in order to enforce socialism. However in contrast evolutionary socialists believe that means of socialism should be brought about peacefully by the ballot. An example of this is Fabian Socialists who believe in inevitability of gradualism, which means that the working class would use the means of political democracy to empower them and therefore use voting to bring a Socialist Party into power. Fabian Socialists therefore take the liberals view on the state rather than the Marxist, so the state should be neutral authority rather than an agent of class oppression. They also believe that through education and a combination of political action that the elite of the capitalist society can be converted to socialism this way, essentially for them is the most easiest way to achieve socialism in the most peaceful manner. the use of the ballot would therefore develop an evolutionary outgrowth of capitalism. The inevitability of gradualism is supported by evolutionary socialists as extension of franchise would eventually lead to universal adult suffrage which will then lead on to political equality. if political equality is apparent, then in practice it will work in the interest of the majority. so evolutionary socialists believe political democracy would go in the hands of the working class as within any industrial society, the proletariat would be the majority. Therefore, as human nature seen by socialist is ultimately altruistic, they will inevitably be drawn towards social political parties which offer social justice. this will then guarantee the success of socialist parties numerically. once in power the party will then be able to legitimately create changes within society towards socialism and so achieving socialism peacefully and therefore making it inevitable. There are also disagreements with the terms of ends in socialism between revolutionary and evolutionary socialists. As seen, revolutionary socialism seeks to abolish capitalism and seek to replace it with a classless and stateless society which essentially the Marxist utopia; they also seek a social system based on common ownership. Revolution socialists believe private property should be removed as they believe that the origins of competition and inequality come from private property, and so they seek to remove private property as it is seen as unjust because wealth is produces as a collective effort of humans and so should not be owned by individuals. Common ownership as a terms of ends also emphasises on the fact that private property is morally corrupting and it fosters conflict in society ie. between owners and workers, or simply rich and poor. Therefore Fundamentalist socialists seek to abolish capitalism and replace it with a qualitatively different kind of society based on common ownership. Whereas, the evolutionary socialist seek to attain socialism through a parliamentary route and evidently showing the clear disagreement between evolutionary and  revolutionary socialists as they have very different ways to achieve socialism and the type of socialism that will be enforced as evolutionary socialists believe in a few types of ends ranging from the abolition of capitalism, to taming it through welfare state, wealth and progressive taxation which is definitely opposed by revolutionary socialists. Essentially they moderately critique capitalism as they only want to reform and reduce the economic inequalities and increase social justice. this has led to the redefinition of socialism in terms of distributive equality rather than common ownership. however there has been an exception within socialism with Fundamentalist democrats as they want to remove capitalism through the parliamentary route, however there has not been any demonstration of this type of ideology.

Meaning of Good Taste in Fashion

Meaning of Good Taste in Fashion Generally speaking, taste is an abstract and subtle word. What is taste? The word taste literally means people`s degustation on everything include food, art, life and so on (Aronson, 1946). However, such a degustation is not finished by tongue, but by heart and mind. For example, when observing a tree without leafs in autumn, someone may feel the bleak and chilly sense instead of only one bare tree. People`s tastes are different. Someone have good tastes while the others have bad tastes. The different attitudes and feelings on life, art and culture embody the grade of individual taste. This essay will analyze the taste from the perspective of fashion. What good tastes mean and how to evaluate taste will be discussed in this essay. In addition, how some tastes are constructed as socially legitimate will discussed. Education plays an important role in the process of constructing social legitimate tastes in fashion. This essay will discuss the effect of good tastes in fashion. What does it mean to have good taste? As mentioned above, taste is people`s feeling on the external things. Its abstract meaning is the quality, interest, culture and sentiment. For example, when drinking tea, someone swallow it quickly. He even does not know the flavor of the tea, lets alone the taste. However, some others may be seated in their study room with sunshine and beautiful plants and taste the tea with the beautiful classic music (Frank, 1923). He could taste the life from the tea. This is the abstract taste. Taste has different grade. With good taste, people`s lives are graceful and exquisite, full of aspirations and pleasure (Burke, 1987). With bad taste, people`s lives are full of depression and nonsense. What`s more, they usually consider themselves always right, which really make fun of themselves. Taste is the understanding and appreciating ability of people. To have a good taste means one has a comprehensive and correct understanding about things around him. Sometimes people mistake famous brand for good taste. For example, someone with luxurious coats, expensive watch and cars usually regards himself with good tastes. However, if he does not know well about these commodities or use these items improperly, he does not have good tastes in fact. Without a comprehensive and correct understanding of things, all these expensive things just show one`s ignorance. Some other ones regard good taste as one extremely abstract thing. They usually attribute all the unaccountable things to taste. Sometimes they believe taste is something which only could be experienced by heart and mind, while cannot be put into word clearly. However, tastes are not extremely abstract in fact. It could be described clearly daily behavior. It is based on the understanding of concrete things. If one knows well about some famous brand, his purchase of commodity in that brand is the pursuit of good taste. For example, businessmen`s purchase of business suit is the pursuit of taste, because they know the background knowledge of the suit and know the suit is fit for their statuses. In fact, different tastes classified the whole society to some extent. The tastes determined the difference social position and class of people. people`s social position could change, which is caused by the change of one`s tastes. People could improve their social classes by improve their tastes. The author believes only money and authority cannot change one`s social class, even they could make people feel false pride. Improving tastes is the necessary procedure of improving social position (Kaufmann,2002). Why do people usually believe wealthy people have good tastes? The reason is wealthy people have more chances to learn and understand things around them than the poor. Therefore, they usually have better tastes than the poor. That`s why many nobles are called as gentlemen in history. However, the wealth really does not mean good tastes. The effect of wealth is helping people learn more in order to have good tastes. How some tastes are constructed as socially legitimate in fashion? What is the criterions of people`s social class? In modern times, it is hard to answer this question, with the improvement of people`s living condition and social concept. Nowadays the criterions are usually not your occupation, house, manner or money. It is recognized that a series of tiny traits of one`s behaviors reflects which class he is in. And such a tiny traits of one`s behaviors could be summarized in a word taste. Some tastes are called as good tastes by most people, while some tastes are called as bad tastes. The good tastes are usually regarded as socially legitimate. How are these tastes set as socially legitimate in fashion? The answer is education, which means cultivating and training. Taste is a kind of culture to some extent. Compared with police and economy, the relationship between culture and education is closer. The basic mission of education is to inherit culture. In the process of history, peoples form and accumulate their own custom, which embodies the value, ethics, behavior model and habits of the people. These value ethics or behavior model could be describe as fashion of that time. The custom permeates in the daily life in every aspect, which restricts the social development with a strong invisible force. Education, as the inheriting carrier of culture, plays an important role in the construction of main stream taste of fashion. How does education construct the main stream tastes of fashion of one society? There are some main approaches as following. Firstly, education selects tastes through selecting cultivating objectives, such as values and cultures. The objective of education is cultivating human resources which are needed by the society. In order to producing human resources needed by society, educators should select proper world value and moral outlook which are fit for the development of society as contents of education. Therefore, it could be said that the source of good tastes is from the social value and moral outlook of the society. In addition, physical training is another carrier of taste and culture. The selection of way of exercising is also the selection of culture. Different countries and peoples have different traditional sports, which also embodies the mainstream value or tastes of the society. Lastly, in the education of art and beauty, not only aethestic standard but also the knowledge and technique of art, is the process of selection of cultures and tastes (Howard,1956, Karl,1934, Lawrence, 1917). Therefore, it seems the objective of education is to teach the technique and knowledge social needed, but the essence of education is the selection of culture and tastes. In the process of education, the main stream tastes are constructed and set as socially legitimate. Secondly, education selects tastes through selecting courses and teaching materials. After selecting proper culture and tastes, education transforms the abstract culture and tastes into concrete courses and teaching materials, which is the carrier of culture and tastes. The designing and selecting of courses should be based on the main stream culture or tastes. That means the courses and teaching materials should have temporal spirit, reflecting the trend of main stream culture. Firstly, in history, the courses and teaching materials are always changing with culture of that day. In middle ages, the main courses of college include grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, geometry, music, theology, law and so on. In all these courses, theology took the most important role, which reflects the social main stream culture and the developing level of western cultural development of that time. With the development of science and technique, the importance of science had been acknowledged in the form of technology revolution. After 19th century, the course of science and technique replace the key role of theology in education. In 1950s, the monopoly of science and technique was broken, because people found the balance between the humanities and science was very important. And then, more and more courses of humanities were designed. Secondly, in different countries of the same age, the different emphasis embodies the value variance of different culture. It is very obvious in the courses of humanities. These courses usually embody thick values and mainstream tastes of their societies. For example, in Germany, philosophy takes the most important role in universities for German respect to rationality. Practical courses are welcomed in American universities for America focuses no techniques. And humanities are popular in some old universities of Britain for the respect for humanism and classicisms in England. Thirdly, teachers play a key role in the education of main stream tastes and culture. In the process of constructing main stream tastes and cultures, the role of teachers is embodied in three aspects. First of all, teacher is the participant of selecting main stream tastes and culture. Teachers have great liberty in the selection of contents and method of education. When the teacher is the proposer of mainstream culture and value, the function of selecting and cultivating main stream tastes of education could be realized. Secondly, teacher is the carrier of the established culture and tastes. The moral ideas, knowledge structure, life style and teaching style of teacher directly influence the effectiveness of education. Only when teacher master and approve the main stream cultures or tastes, the main stream tastes could be constructed. Therefore, to some extent, the selection of teacher is the selection of main stream tastes. Fourthly, the atmosphere of campus could help selecting tastes. Compared with common social environment, the atmosphere of campus has many unique characters. The atmosphere of campus is the condensate of the knowledge and values of teachers and students of many generations. It reflects the requirements of social development and campus culture and value. It is both the method and consequence of culture selection. And its influence is usually invisible but huge. Concretely, the establishment of school spirit, style of study, and regulations is the process of selecting main stream values. The atmosphere plays an invisible role and remedies the defects of education in class. In a word, education plays an important role in the construction of some tastes of fashion as socially legitimate through the selection of mainstream culture, courses, teachers and campus atmosphere. The effect of some tastes as socially legitimate in fashion This section will discuss the effect of social mainstream tastes from the perspective of fashion. As we all know, without good taste, people cannot be fashionable. If one pretend to have good taste, he is just making fun of himself. What is fashion? Disney, Madonna, Jackson, Hip Hop, Harry Potter, all these popular things are fashion. Each of us hopes to accept the attention and admiration of others, live a high-quality life, have graceful behaviors and become the focus of people`s eyes. Fashion could help people reach these goals. How do we join in these fashions? The answer is good taste. If someone wants to follow or guide the trend of fashion, he has to own the better feeling of beauty good taste. Nowadays, people have many ways to know what is fashionable. However, to be fashionable is not so easy as to know fashionable things. Many details could destroy the pretending fashion of one without good taste. Once upon a time, there was a couple who suddenly became wealthy. They were not satisfied that others regarded them vulgar. One day, they took part in a culture salon and dre ssed bejeweled clothes to show their wealth, which is not fit for the graceful art atmosphere. Therefore, fashion does not mean the rich matters, but means the fit things. Vulgar people cannot buy fashion even he is very rich. Fashion is the product of good taste, not money (Blumer,1969). According to the famous star of America Sarah Jessica Parker, the taste determines what kind of people you are, including your social position and social image. Good taste exerts great influence on people`s different aspects of life, such as selecting a book, CD, occupation and partner (Eysenck ,1983). Fashion is subjective and taste is objective. The slogan of Chanel is: fashion is fickle, while style lasts forever. Chanel used her taste to guide fashion. In her lives, she forecasted and mastered the changing trend of fashion twice. Therefore, good taste could produce fashion. According to Fielding, the graceful taste is always accompanying the outstanding mind. Therefore, good taste origins from internal mind. In Hollywood, famous stars pay special attention on their dressing in public. However, their differences are very obvious. Some stars, like Nicole Kidman, know well what dressing means and which dressing is fit for them. This is the first class. Those usually consult for their stylists obviously do not have their own decisions on what is fit for them. This class is inferior to the first class. Britney Spears belongs to the third class. Even she dresses the same clothes with the second class, the way of collocation usually makes her embarrass. She has a professional team of image designer. However, as we found, she usually was classified as the ones who were dressed worst. Therefore, good taste comes from internal mind, from the understanding of fashion and self. Genevieve Antoine Dariaux, one of the greatest experts in the field of fashion of France, had explained fashion in her book A Guide to Elegance as following: there are two kinds of fashions. One is genius fashion while the other is transitory fashion. If you could not dress skirt, just drop it. There will be one kind of coat which is not only fashionable but also fit for you. Therefore, you could dress the skirts when they are fit for you. The attitude of Dariaux is just dressing what fit for you, because you should present your individual style instead of clothes. The fashionable clothes is used to help you to present your style. If they do not help, just drop them and find out proper ones. Therefore, good taste is the base of fashion. Fashion is appearance while taste is the temperament (Bourdieu, 1984). Clothes, watches, bags, shoes and red wines are all worldly possessions. Taste means the genius understanding and test of these matters, which is from bildung of internal mind. How to have good tastes As mentioned above, education is very important in the cultivation of good tastes. Therefore, learning is very important if someone wants to improve his tastes and then improve his social class. What should people learn if they want to improve their tastes. The answer is the genius understanding of around things and the way of understanding things. Both the method and consequences of understanding are important. Sometimes the ideas of the majority are not always right. Therefore, people should learn how to understand things dialectically and critically in order to avoid becoming vulgar in the misguiding of the masses. Independent thinking is the necessary way of having good tastes. Conclusion In a word, taste means people`s degustation on everything around himself, include food, art, life and so on. Someone have good tastes while the others have bad tastes. The different attitudes and feelings on life, art and culture embody the grade of individual taste. To have a good taste means one has a comprehensive and correct understanding about things around him. Tastes are not extremely abstract in fact. It could be described clearly daily behavior. Different tastes classified the whole society to some extent. The tastes determined the difference social position and class of people. Improving tastes is the necessary procedure of improving social position. Wealth really does not mean good tastes, but it could help one to have good tastes, for wealthy people have more chances to learn and understand things around them than the poor. Education, which means cultivating and training, is the main way of constructing socially legitimate tastes. Education selects tastes through selectin g cultivating objectives, courses, teachers and campus atmosphere. Without good taste, people cannot be fashionable. Good taste comes from internal mind, from the understanding of fashion and self. And Good taste could produce and guide fashion. Both the method and consequences of understanding are important to improve tastes. Independent thinking is the necessary way of having good tastes and avoiding becoming vulgar in the misguiding of the masses. In summary, taste is something both abstract and concrete, because it means both the understanding and the ways of understanding of around things. Having a good taste could help people have a good social position and forecast or guide fashion.

Analysis of Economic Factors in a Business

Analysis of Economic Factors in a Business Profit Sharing, Revenue Sharing, Piece Rate, Time Clocks and Spot Checks Submitted by Group 6:- Neethi Nair-14020541031 Neha Paswan-14020541032 Nilesh Tayade-14020541033 Nishant Thool-14020541034 Nishith Mohanty-14020541035 Nitish Vats – 14020541036 Akanksha Chaudhary 14020541065 Profit Sharing:- Profit sharing are the commission plans to introduced by business firms that provides direct or indirect wages to the employees that is dependent on the company’s profit earned, in addition to the employee’s regular salary and bonuses. In public companies, these are the profitability assigned to the employee as the equity shares. Profit sharing plans are generally based upon the predetermined economic sharing regulations that define how much should be split between the company as a principal and the employee as an agent. The manager can use this to enhance workers’ efforts making the workers’ compensation dependent on the underlying profitability of the firm. Offering workers compensation that is tied to underlying profitability provides an incentive for workers to put forth more effort. The company can also earn profit from this, by sharing the profit with the employees’ retirement benefit account, which will be non-taxable for the company. Profit sharing is a type of variable pay, which is dependent on the profit gained by the company. Wells Fargo Company is an American multinational banking and financial services holding company which is headquartered in San Francisco, California, with hub-quarters throughout the country. It is the fourth largest bank in the U.S. by assets and the largest bank by market capitalization. Its profit sharing is as follows:- (https://www.wellsfargo.com/biz/retirement/profit-sharing-plans/) For companies, size really doesn’t matter to offer profit sharing. Employee eligibility is set while joining. Employer: Up to 25% of compensation or $52,000 in 2014. Profit sharing plans allow the company to vary every year according to the profit. The contributions are deducted from the taxable income. The withdrawn contribution and earnings are taxed as ordinary income. Stocks, bonds, mutual funds and Advisory Products available through a Wells Fargo Advisors brokerage account. There will be a 10% IRS early withdrawal penalty if the profit is withdrawn before age 59 ½ unless valid exception. Exceptions: Normal retirement age Separation of service after five years and reaching age 55 Death Disability Substantial equal periodic payments over life expectancy Qualified military reservist Required withdrawals must begin at age 70 ½ Deadline to set up and Fund Must be established by the last day of the business’ fiscal year Contributions may be made up through the business tax filing date (plus extensions) REVENUE SHARING : Revenue sharing is a business arrangement that makes it possible for two or more parties to share in the profits and losses realized by a business operation. The exact structure of the revenue sharing strategy varies based on governmental regulations that are applied in the jurisdiction in which the business is located, and the terms and provisions found in the contract that establishes the working relationship between the concerned parties. This approach may be used to compensate employees of the firm above and beyond the usual salary or wages, or be used to provide compensation to affiliate partners in an online business venture. Within a business setting, revenue sharing may take place as part of a limited partnership arrangement. Here, the partners agree to share in the profits and losses sustained by the operation, with specific provisions on how those profits and losses are shared each accounting period. Essentially, the general partner has the responsibility of reporting the l evel of profit or loss incurred to the limited partners, then compensating them according to the terms found in the partnership agreement. USER ROLES: Managers will setup available business models and parts of them are the revenue share model Service provider will setup revenue share model associated to Applications and services, and they have to be loaded in the Revenue Settlement Sharing System Developers have to know about the revenues of their applications and services Involved service/applications providers have to know about the revenues of their applications and services The following figure shows a conceptual architecture of a system for settling and sharing revenues. There are a number of different sources of revenues for a given service that will be integrated and processed according to the business model of each service and the revenue sharing policies specified for each partner. The final revenues balance will be transferred to a payment broker to deliver the payments to each provider/developer Infinite Risk/Reward Revenue-Sharing model Case Study: Raising the Bar in Smart Pricing Smart Pricing has received a lot of attention in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) industry over the last 12 months. IT service providers are touting it as a key differentiator in a very competitive post-crisis environment, and organizations are demanding for more risk/reward and usage-based pricing so that their ICT partners have more accountability in each engagement and these ICT engagements are more aligned to business priorities. International Data Corporation (IDC) is predicting that Smart Pricing will account for close to 50% of all ICT services transactions by 2015. Infinite, an Indian IT services and software provider, has been one of the most aggressive services providers in this game changing market dynamic whereby approximately 30% of its total revenue is derived from risk/reward pricing models. Its intellectual property–based revenue sharing model is certainly setting the pace in the industry where many ICT service providers are still struggling to co me up with the right formula. Infinite is not only setting the pace in Smart Pricing models in the ICT industry, it has clearly raised the bar for the rest of the field. Organization Overview: Infinite Computer Solutions is an India-headquartered global services provider of infrastructure management services, intellectual property (IP)-leveraged solutions, and IT services. The company focuses on the telecom, media, technology, manufacturing, power, and healthcare industries. Presently, telecom is its principal vertical and this includes telecom service providers as well as networking equipment vendors. Its services portfolios span application management outsourcing, packaged application services, independent validation and verification, product  development and support, and higher value-added offerings including managed platform and product engineering services. It currently has 3,668 employees and has a global footprint of 16 offices across the globe including Singapore, the U.S., the U.K., India, Malaysia, and China. RD sites are concentrated in Indian cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Gurgaon. The company is listed on the NSE and BSE and its FY10 revenue was approximately US$140 million. Infinite has a healthy mix of customers from the list of Fortune 100 companies including IBM, Alcatel Lucent, and Motorola across several verticals, but its strengths continue to be in the telecom and healthcare sectors. Challenges Solutions : Mature products are targets: Currently, Infinite works with organizations, examines their or their clients product portfolios, and identifies products or solutions that are mature and have a significant installed base. The products continue to be essential to many buyers, have a proven revenue generating record, and can be better streamlined via an off shoring model to India. The upside potential must be significant: Infinite will have to execute careful due diligence before actually making any large-scale investment. One of the guiding principles is that the product or solution must be able to deliver 20%–50% growth over the next few years with further investments. Risk/reward pricing models vary: Infinite has made significant progress in raising the share of its revenue that is derived from risk/reward pricing models. It currently stands at close to 30%, one of the highest if not the highest in the industry. Revenue derived or splits between Infinite and client varies from deal to deal but it is dependent on several factors. For every There are usually three sets of revenue streams to drive growth. Additional new sales of the product, services revenue, and annual maintenance are the three sets of revenue streams to drive growth. The combination of these three must be able to deliver an upside that ranges 25%–50% of growth. The proportion of revenue that is attributed to the customer will generally be lower if the revenue upside potential is less, accounting for new investments that could refresh the product. How much to invest in the new product? : Infinite would also need to do its due diligence as to what and how much investment it needs to put into these products to generate the type of growth that it is looking for. Aware that some of these products have great fluctuations in revenue, which may be difficult to forecast, the company has to factor this into its planning. Results: According to IDC this unique engagement model and smart pricing will eventually define the ICT industry over the next few years. Clearly one of the trendsetters, Infinite is setting an excited pace in Smart Pricing that many of its competitors will have to play catch-up. Infinites unique smart pricing model has achieved sustainable returns. In todays economic environment, organizations are looking for flexibility and agility; and as a result of this relationship, many of its existing clients are now able to realign their resources by channeling them into strategic areas of growth. Increase in the value of offerings as RD investment in core products as well as additional Infinite capital ploughed in will have the overall impact of enhancing the total solution or product portfolio. The company posts 20%–50% revenue growth, usually depending on a number of factors including how speculative the product or solution is. Infinite is clearly on a growth trajectory and thus, its IP-based risk/reward model has found a warm reception among some organizations. Piece-rate pay:- Piece-rate pay gives a payment for each item produced and is therefore the easiest way for a business to ensure that employees are paid for the amount of work they do. Piece-rate pay is also sometimes referred to as a â€Å"payment by results system†, â€Å"piece work† or â€Å"performance related pay†. The oldest type of performance pay, piece rate is when an employee is paid a fixed rate for each unit of production. In other words, he or she is paid by results. For example, a factory worker may be paid per item he or she makes on a production line. In the United Kingdom and in various other countries with minimum wage laws, pay rate must be used in unification with minimum wage laws for employees. For example, an employee who works at a $0.1 per-piece rate and completes 70 pieces in an hour would not receive $7.00 but would receive his state’s minimum wage, which might be, for example, $7.25 an hour. However if he is able to work fast enough to complete 90 pieces in an hour he can earn $9.00 per hour. So, per-piece rate pay can act as an incentive for employees. Incentive contracts such as piece rates and profit sharing are designed to solve principal–agent problems when effort is not observable. The benefits of the piece rate system is that it motivates employees financially to complete as much work as they can, and consequently they can increase their monetary reward by maximizing their output. A potential problem with paying workers based on a piece rate is that effort must be expended in quality control; otherwise, workers may attempt to produce quantity at the expense of quality. Therefore, piece-rate pay encourages effort, but, it is reasoned, often at the expense of quality. From the employee’s perspective, there can be certain problems which might affect the production and eventually affect their pay. The problems which can possibly hamper the production may include breakdown of the production machinery or delay in the delivery of the raw materials which slows down the production. These factors are outside of the employee’s control – but could potentially affect their pay. The solution to these problems is that piece-rate pay systems tend, to have two elements: A basic pay element which is a fixed time- based element An output-related element- Generally the piece-rate element is only elicited by the business exceeding a target output in a specific defined period of time Piece-rate systems are broadly classified into three categories: i. Straight Piece-rate ii. Piece-rate with Guaranteed time rates iii. Differential Piece-rates Straight Piece-rate method payment is made on the basis of affixed amount per units produced without regard to the time taken. Thus the earnings could be calculated as follows: Earnings= Number of units x rate per unit. The fixations of piece rate generally depend upon: The comparable time rate for the same class of workers The expected output in given time In Guaranteed time rates system payment is at time rates but adjusted to the cost of living. The employer balances the high labor cost by increasing the price of the products. The merit awards for skills, personal qualities, ability, punctuality etc. are also considered in this system. Differential Piece-rate system is a wage plan based on a standard task time wherein the worker receives increased or decreased piece rates as his production varies from that expected for the standard time. This is also known as an accelerating incentive. Comparison of three price rate systems Wages during Differential Piece rate Period Straight Piece rate Guaranteed Base wage Straight piece rate with minimum guaranteed wage Standard output Output in pieces produced Time clocks and spot checks :- Few methods of encouraging workers to put forth their best efforts are piecework, time clocks, and spot checks. Time clock is relatively simple and inexpensive technique to introduce into a place of business; however the flaws in it is that the information received from time clock is relatively useless in determining employee’s working habits. A time clock can only inform a manager of how long an employee spends in the workplace, but not how much time the employee is actually spending working i.e. how efficiently is he working. There could be a possibility that the employee is simply socializing most of the day or just doing the irrelevant tasks and the time clock would make no determination between employee with such behavior and the employee who works diligently throughout the workday. So, we can say that Time clocks don’t monitor efforts made by the employee; rather, simply measures his presence at the workplace from beginning to the end of workday. Thus it acts as an inferior method to monitor manager-worker problems. A more efficient method than Time clock that not just measures the time spent by employee at workplace ,but also measures his/her performance, is spot check. In this case the manager gives time to time visit at workplace to monitor its employees. The objective of these spot checks and inspections is to counter irregularities committed against the Community budget. The spot checks may concern, in particular Business books and documents such as invoices, pay slips, bank statements, lists of terms and conditions, statements of materials used and work done, and Computer data Packaging, Production and dispatching systems and methods Physical checks as to the nature and quantity of goods or completed operations The collection and checking of samples The progress of works and investments for which financing has been provided, and the how it has been used Accounting and budgetary documents The technical and financial implementation of subsidized projects The advantages of spot checks are as follows: It reduces the cost of monitoring workers The managers need not to be available at different places at same time It also increases employee efficiency. With workers not knowing if the manager will show up or not, they put more effort at work, as suddenly getting caught â€Å"goofing off† may lead to dismissal or a reduction in pay As everything has its pros and cons, same is the case with Spot checking. Some of disadvantages of spot checks are as follows: Frequent spot checks, however, are costly and reduce the firm’s profitability Spot checks work, in effect, through threat These can have negative impact on employees moral; he/she can’t work freely at workplace due to threat of being watched every moment.

A Sociological view of Divorce Essay -- essays research papers

They were the family you always wish you had†¦ The Cleavers. Wise and wonderful Ward. A pal as well as a Dad. June. The perfect wife and mother. Big brother Wally. Popular, smart and athletic – one tough act to follow. And last but definitely not least, hapless, irrepressible Theodore, a.k.a. â€Å"the Beaver,† just a regular kid trying his best to stay out of trouble while finding a thousand ways to place himself at trouble’s doorstep. Leave it to Beaver. It was the television hit in the ‘60s that hallmarked the phrase, â€Å" The American Family† and made it its own. Introduction: Here we are, 40 years later, in the midst of social turmoil, where the values and principles such as the family unit that were once our nation’s bedframe, are now the very same values and principles we are starting to question. Needless to say, the family structure is riding the wave of a rapidly changing society and changing right along with it. More adolescents are growing up in a wider margin of family structures than ever before in history. Divorce is not only personal trouble dividing households, but it has become a developing Social issue sweeping the nation. The number of adolescents growing up specifically in broken families is mounting everyday. Divorce has become an epidemic among our nation invading one in every two marriages in this country (Patz 59). In fact the United States has the highest percentile of single – parent families, compared to all other countries (Santrock 167). And by age 18, approximately one fourth of all American children will have lived part of their lives in a step-family unit (Santrock 167). I knew that adolescents of divorced families were put at a greater individual risk and vulnerability to adjustment problems later in life, however I was not aware of the particular areas that such a division in the family structure could have an affect on. Evidence shows however that not only does divorce permanently weaken the child/parents relationship, but has also been found to be behind lowered academic performance, destructive ways of handling conflict, a poorer self-image, greater engagement in delinquent activities and the root of pessimism towards future relationships and goals in life. These things only perpetuate the rapid downward spiral of family breakdown (â€Å"How Might Divorce Affect My Child’s Behavior?† 2000). Theoretical Fr... ...ot just on TV? As long as families follow the trend that divorce is setting, more and more children will be the victimized and left to fend for themselves whether it be physically with unstable custodial parents or mentally without any role models and structure in their lives to keep them on the straight and narrow. I think divorce acts as its own indicator that it disrupts peoples lives, especially adolescents as they are more impressionable in this stage. Divorce has been shown to adversely affect academic performance, and personal characteristics as far as social skills and self presentation, it erodes the parent-child relationship and takes away structure and replaces it with a consequence free environment. And when you take a child, an adolescent none-the-less at the height of confusion and insecurity and remove boundaries such as parents, rules, and regulations, that’s trouble. If children are our future, maybe we should be equipping them with more than freedom. To a ppropriately prepare for the future, I think we should take a step back into the past and watch a few Leave It to Beaver episodes and maybe we can come up with a better game plan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone Essay -- A Level Essays

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone History of Diamonds: The name "diamond" comes from the Greek word, "adamas" meaning unconquerable. Fittingly diamonds are made of pure carbon, and diamonds are the hardest natural substance known to man.[1] Diamonds have long been a sign of wealth and fortune. Kings and queens have worn these forms of concentrated carbon and even more countless millions people over time have lusted after them. These gems can be transparent, truculent white, yellow, green, blue, or brown. To understand the value of these stones, and ultimately their role in war, it helps to first understand their origins and where they come form. Diamonds are the most frequently used form capital by the rebels in Angola, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo use to purchase weapons. The earliest gem diamonds were found in India and Borneo, were they were found in riverbeds. In the early eighteenth century, deposits similar to those in India were found in Brazil. The story of diamonds in Africa began between December 1866 and February 1867, when a 15-year-old found a transparent stone on his father's farm, on the south bank of the Orange River. Within the next fifteen years, African diamond mines produced more diamonds than the India, the previous leading producer, had in the last 2,000 years. This increase in production occurred at the same time as the diamond mines in Brazil experiences a sharp decline in their production. The depletion of mines in Brazil assured that supply would remain stable and diamond prices would not fall as they previously had when Brazil over produced in the 1730s.[2] Diamonds are the pure form of carbon in a transparent state, that ... ...fer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993. Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection. Cambridge: World Peace Foundation, 2002. Web Sources: Allafrica.com: www.allafrica.com Amnesty International: www.amnesty.org CNN: www.cnn.com De Beers: www.debeers.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.debeers.com [2] Kanfer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. [3] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [4] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [5] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [6] Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection

Old Man And The Sea Summary Essay -- essays research papers

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) Type of Work: Symbolic drama Setting North Coast of Cuba; early twentieth century Principal Characters Santiago, an old, weathered fisherman Manolin , a boy, Santiago's young fishing companion The Marlin, a gigantic fish Story Overveiw Eighty-four days had passed since Santiago, the old fisherman, had caught a fish, and he was forced to suffer not only the ridicule of younger fishermen, but near-starvation as well. Moreover, Santiago had lost his young companion, a boy named Manolin, whose father had ordered him to leave Santiago in order to work with more successful seamen. But the devoted child still loved Santiago, and each day brought food and bait to his shack, where they indulged in their favorite pastime: talking about the American baseball leagues. The old man's hero was the New York Yankees' Joe DiMaggio. Santiago identified with the ballplayer's skill and discipline, and declared he would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing some time. After visiting one particular afternoon, the boy left Santiago, who fell asleep. Lions immediately filled his dreams. As a boy he had sailed to Africa and had seen lions on the beaches. Now, as an old man, he constantly dreamed of the great and noble beasts. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of Great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach ... He loved them as he loved the boy. Before dawn of the next day, the fisherman, as usual, hauled his salt-encrusted skiff onto the beach and set out by himself. But today, in hopes of breaking his unlucky streak, he was determined to sail into deep waters, out much farther than the other anglers would go. He followed the sea birds and flying fish; they would tell him b y their movements where the fish congregated. He watched the turtles swimming near his boat. He loved the turtles, "with their elegance and speed... " Most people are Heartless about turtles because a turtle's heart will beat for hours after he has been cut tip and butchered. The old man thought, I have such a heart too ... Early on, Santiago managed to land a tenpound tuna. Thinking this a good omen, he used the fresh meat to bait one of his lines. By n... ...ng manly courage, endurance, and noble suffering. In fact, the novel would be little more than an adventure story were it not for Santiago's dialogues with himself - his repetitive and symbolic musings, daydreams and plottings. Unlike other fishermen, who see the ocean merely in terms of economic gain, Santiago looks on the sea and its inhabitants with love and respect. Notably, he prefers to call the sea "la mar," its feminine form, rather than the harsher, masculine "el mar." Some readers may see Christian symbolism in the story: Santiago means St. James in Spanish; the battle with the fish lasts three days; Santiago, arriving at the shore, carries his mast, like a cross, on his shoulders, and, like the biblical Christ, stumbles under its load. Later, the fisherman lies down exhausted on the floor of his hut with his arms stretched out stiffly and the palms of his hands up. But the giant fish - representing the hopes and dreams of mankind - and the old man's relationship with it, is what creates the extraordinary pathos of the novel. And, in the end, even Santiago's (humankind's) modest expectations are snatched from his grasp.

Performing protocol captures Essay

1.Which tool is better at performing protocol captures and which tool is better at performing protocol analysis? Wireshark is better for performing protocol analysis and Netwitness Investigator is best at performing protocol captures. Wireshark does well at both aspects, which makes it a little better. 2.What is promiscuous mode and how does this allow tcpdump, Wireshark, and NetWitness Investigator to perform protocol capture off a live network? Promiscuous mode is for a wired network interface controller or wireless network interface controller that causes the controller to pass all traffic to the CPU instead of passing only through the frames the controller is supposed to receive. It allows tcpdump, Wireshark, and NetWitness Investigator to perform protocol capture off a live network because it’s made for packet sniffing, which all these applications perform. 3.What is the significance of the TCP three-way handshake for applications that utilize TCP as a transport protocol? Which application in your protocol capture uses TCP as a transport protocol? The significance of the TCP three-way handshake is that three messages are transmitted by TCP to negotiate and start a TCP session between the computers. The purpose is so that two computers can negotiate the parameters of the network TCP socket connection before transmitting the data. Wireshark is the application that uses TCP as a transport protocol. 4.How many different source IP host addresses did you capture in your protocol capture? There were 6 different IP host addresses captured in the protocol capture. 5.How many different protocols (layer 3, layer 4, etc.) did your protocol  capture session have? What function in Wireshark provides you with a breakdown of the different protocol types on the LAN segment? 6. Can Wireshark provide you with network traffic packet size counts? How and where? Are you able to distinguish how many of each packet size was transmitted on your LAN segment? Why is this important to know? 7. Is FTP data able to be replayed and reconstructed if the packets are captured on the wire? If an attack were to occur between the source and destination IP host with data replayed that has been altered, what kind of attack is this called? 8. Why is it important to use protocol capture tools and protocol analyzers as an information systems security professional? 9. What are some challenges to protocol analysis and network traffic analysis? 10. Why would an information systems security practitioner want to see network traffic on both internal and external LAN segments at the DMZ within the LAN-to-WAN domain (i.e., both on the inside and outside LAN segments)?

Substances and Mixture

A vestal substance contains subdivisions of further unity kind. It has intrac hold over fleshly and chemic propertieslike stewing read/write head, break up focus, valency, assiduousness contains scarcely nuclear depend 53 chemic identity, e. g. one ingredient or one multi make irrigate. behindnot be divide into 2 or to a greater extent than substances by physical or mechanical marrow is homogeneous, ie, has supply physical composition by erupt the solely type its properties argon eonian throughout the whole type its properties do not enumerate on how it is prep bed or purified has constant chemic composition sheer Substances Elements and step upsargon more or less(prenominal) subjects of everlasting(a) substances. Pure substances apprizenot be described into simpler substances by physical or mechanical operator such(prenominal) as sifting, filtering, cryst solelyization, distillation, etc. eg, distilling tenuous wet (H2O) does not bankrupt body of water supply into hydrogen and oxygen, it only produces water vapour. Pure substances display a acutely resolve and b embrocateing exhibit. On a re certify of temperature vs time, this is shown as flat pains where the temperature does not change over time until alone the vestal substance has melted or b vegetable oiled.A mixture stop be dislocated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical agency contain more than one chemical substance substance substance displays the properties of the clear substances qualification it up its composition nominate be varied by changing the proportion of pure substances making it up they do not have a fixed composition heterogeneous substances, ones with non-uniform composition throughout the sample, be always mixtures varietys many examples of mixtures argon disposed(p) below Type of Mixture character heavy weapon in gaso get out The automatic teller is a mixture of gases, mostly north an d oxygen. pic fluent in liquid booze is a mixture of mostly ethyl alcohol and water. pic consentaneous in solid Alloys, such as brass, be made up of a mixture of metals. pic gas in liquid Soft drinks, such as cola, are mixtures of mainly carbon dioxide gas and water. pic solid in liquid sea Water is a mixture of salts change state in water. pic solid in gas Smoke is mixture of tiny solid portions in atmospheric gases. Homogeneous mixtures do not display a sharp melting render, they melt over a range of temperatures. Sharpness of the melting point is very much employ to de margeine whether a substance is pure or alloyed (mixture) On a temperature vs time graphical record at that baffle is no flat line during which the temperature remains constant over time. Instead, there provide be a lean indicating that the components of the mixture are melting Mixtures fuck be separated into the pure substances making them up by physical or mechanical means be bea t separately pure substance retains its own properties.Separating the Components of a Mixture Most laboratory work in biology requires the use of techniques to separate the components of mixtures. This is through by exploiting virtually property that distinguishes the components, such as their relation size assiduity solubility electric caral charge Dialysis Dialysis is the insulation of clarifiedsolutemolecules or ions (e. g. , glucose, Na+, Cl-) from macromolecules (e. g. , starch) by virtue of their discording rates ofdiffusionthrough a unalikeially permeable membrane. An exampleCellophane is perforated with tiny pores that permit ions and small molecules to pass through provided chuck out molecules withmolecular weightsgreater than about 12,000. If we modify a piece of cellophane tubing with a mixture of starch and sugar and place it in pure water, the sugar molecules (red dots) pull up stakes diffuse out into the water until compeeriseris reached that is, un til their concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. Because of their large size, all the starch (blue disks) allow for be retained at heart the tubing. Chromatography Chromatography is the term used for several techniques for separating the components of a mixture.Follow the relate below for examples. Electrophoresis Electrophoresis uses a direct electric current to separate the components of a mixture by the differingelectrical charge. Some methods for separating the components of a mixture accommodate separation technique property used for separation example Sifting (sieving) particle size alluvial gold is separating from littler soil particles apply a covert pic Visual Sorting colour, shape or size gold nuggets cornerstone be separated from crushed rock on the basis of colour pic Magnetic get outer magnetism magnetic iron digest be separated from non-magnetic sulfur development a magnet pic De evictting density or solubility liquid water can be pour ed off (decanted) in fat-soluble mother wit sediment less difficult oil can be poured off (decanted) more dense water pic Separating Funnel density of liquids in a separating funnel, less dense oil floats on top of more dense water, when the valve is open the water can be poured out from under the oil pic Filtration solubility insoluble calcium carbonate can be separated from soluble sodium chloride in water by filtration pic Evaporation solubility and change state point soluble sodium chloride can be separated from water by vapor pic Crystallization solubility slightly soluble copper sulfate can be separated from water by watch crystal pic Distillation boiling point grain alcohol (ethyl alcohol) can be separated from water by distillation because ethanol has a lower boiling point than water Element ? Any substance that contains only one kind of an hint ? Elements are made up of molecules, the smallest particle that has any(prenominal) of the prope rties of the factor. John Dalton, in 1803, proposed a groundbreaking theory of the atom based on the following assumptions. 1. Matter is made up of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of an ingredient are identical. 3.Atoms of disparate instalments have different weights and different chemical properties. 4. Atoms of different elements compound in simple whole add up to form compounds. 5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. When a compound decomposes, the atoms are recovered selfsame(prenominal)(predicate) ? cannot be broken down into simpler substances ? is a chemical substance that is made up of a particular kind of atoms and thence cannot be broken down or transform by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmitted into another(prenominal) element through a atomic reaction. ? all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same severalise of protons, though they may be differentisotopes, with differing digits of neutrons. elements can be dual-lane into three categories that have characteristic properties metals, nonmetals, and semimetals ? Some properties of an element can be discover only in a assembly of atoms or molecules of the element. These properties include color, density, melting point, boiling point, and caloric and electrical conductivity. ? While some of these properties are imputable chiefly to the electronic organize of the element, others are more almost related to to properties of the nucleus, e. g. , set trope. Compounds The relative proportions of the elements in a compound are fixed. . dickens or more elements combined into one substance through achemical reaction form achemical compound.All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds. The components of a compound donotretain their individual properties. both sodium and centiliter are destructive their compound, table salt (NaCl) is absolutely immanent to life. Properties of c ompound is different from the elements that made it up The pile of the compound is take rootd by the cumulus of the elements that made it up. Compounds cannot be separated by physical means using magnet, filtration, etc. It takes large inputs of aught to separate the components of a compound Compounds can be broken back into elements by chemical reaction, exposure to light, etc. When compounds are formed heat and light is abandoned out or absorbed. Compoundsare homogeneous forms of matter. Their fragmentelements(atoms and/or ions) are always present in fixed proportions (11 pictured here). The elements can be divided into three categories that have characteristic properties 1. Metals 2. Nonmetals 3. Metalloids Most elements are metals, which are found on the leave and toward the bottom of the occasional(a) table. A smattering of nonmetals are clustered in the velocity right corner of the periodic table. The semimetals can be found along the dividing line between the met als and the nonmetals Properties of an element are sometimes classed as either chemical or physical.chemical substance properties are unremarkably observed in the course of a chemical reaction, charm physical properties are observed by examining a sample of the pure element. The chemical properties of an element are due to the dispersion of electrons around the atoms nucleus, particularly the outer, or valence, electrons it is these electrons that are involved in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction does not see the atomic nucleus the atomic progeny therefore remains unchanged in a chemical reaction. Some properties of an element can be observed only in a collection of atoms or molecules of the element. These properties include color, density, melting point, boiling point, and thermal and electrical conductivity. While some of hese properties are due chiefly to the electronic structure of the element, others are more c pull awayly related to properties of the nucleus, e. g. , big bucks act. The elements are sometimes group tally to their properties. One major classification of the elements is asmetals,nonmetals, and metalloids. Elements with very similar chemical properties are often referred to as families some families of elements include the halogens, the inert gases, and the alkali metals. In theperiodic tablethe elements are set up in order of increasing atomic weight in such a way that the elements in any chromatography column have similar properties. Chemical properties Chemical properties of elements and compounds nuclear numberAtomic wadElectro negativeness according to Pauling tautness liquescent pointBoiling pointVanderwaals spoke bean radiusIsotopeselectronic schell strength of early ionization zip fastener of aid ionisationStandard capableness Atomic number The atomic number indicates the number of protons deep down the core of an atom. The atomic number is an heavy concept of chemistry and quantum mechanics. An elem ent and its place deep down theperiodic tableare derived from this concept. When an atom is generally electrically neutral, the atomic number forget equal the number of electrons in the atom, which can be found around the core. These electrons mainly detect the chemical behaviour of an atom. Atoms that carry electric charges are called ions. Ions either have a number of electrons larger (negatively charged) or small (positively charged) than the atomic number. Atomic troop The name indicates the mass of an atom, expressed in atomic mass units (amu). Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus. severally proton or neutron weighs about 1 amu, and thus the atomic mass in always very close to themass (or nucleon) number, which indicates the number of particles within the core of an atom this means the protons and neutrons. Each isotope of a chemical element can vary in mass. The atomic mass of an isotope indicates the num ber of neutrons that are present within the core of the atoms. The total atomic mass of an element is an equivalent of the mass units of its isotopes. The relative occurrence of the isotopes in genius is an important factor in the determination of the overall atomic mass of an element. In theatrical role to a received chemical element, the atomic mass as shown in the periodic table is the add up atomic mass of all the chemical elements stable isotopes.The average is weighted by the relative earthy abundances of the elements isotopes. Electronegativity according to Pauling Electro negativity measures the angle of dip of an atom to pull the electronic fog in its direction during chemical soldering with another atom. Paulings scale is a wide used method to order chemical elements according to their electro negativity. Nobel prize winner Linus Pauling actual this scale in 1932. The look ons of electro negativity are not calculated, based on mathematical formula or a measurement.It is more like a pragmatic range. Pauling gave the element with the highest possible electro negativity,fluorine, a revalue of 4,0. Francium, the element with the lowest possible electro negativity, was given a value of 0,7. All of the stay elements are given a value of somewhere between these both extremes. Density The density of an element indicates the number of units of mass of the element that are present in a reliable volume of a medium. Traditionally, density is expressed through the Greek letter ro (written as r).Within the SI organization of units density is expressed in kilograms per third-dimensional meter (kg/m3). The density of an element is ordinarily expressed graphically with temperatures and air pressings, because these ii properties capture density. Melting point The melting point of an element or compound means the temperatures at which the solid form of the element or compound is at equilibrium with the liquid form. We usu ally take on the air pressure to be 1 atmosphere. For example the melting point ofwateris 0oC, or 273 K. Boiling point The boiling point of an element or compound means the temperature at which the liquid form of an element or compound is at equilibrium with the gaseous form. We usually presume the air pressure to be 1 atmosphere. For example the boiling point of water is 100oC, or 373 K. At the boiling point the vapor pressure of an element or compound is 1 atmosphere. Vanderwaals radius Even when both atoms that are closelipped one another forget not bind, they will still attract one another. This phenomenon is known as the Vanderwaals interaction. The Vanderwaals soak ups cause a force between the devil atoms. This force becomes stronger, as the atoms come hand-to-hand together. However, when the two atoms draw too near each other a rejecting force will take action, as a consequence of the exceeding rejection between the negatively charged electrons of both atoms. As a result, a certain distance will develop between the two atoms, which is ordinarily known as the Vanderwaals radius. Through simile of Vanderwaals radiuses of several different pairs of atoms, we have genuine a system of Vanderwaals radiuses, through which we can predict the Vanderwaals radius between two atoms, through addition. Ionic radius Ionic radius is the radius that an ion has in an bonce crystal, where the ions are packed together to a point where their outermost electronic orbitals are in contact with each other. An orbital is the area around an atom where, according to orbital theory, the probability of finding an electron is the greatest. Isotopes The atomic number does not determine the number of neutrons in an atomic core. As a result, the number of neutrons within an atom can vary. Then atoms that have the same atomic number may differ in atomic mass.Atoms of the same element that differ in atomic mass are called isotopes. Mainly wit h the heavier atoms that have a higher atomic number, the number of neutrons within the core may exceed the number of protons. Isotopes of the same element are often found in nature alternately or in mixtures. An example chlorine has an atomic number of 17, which basically means that all chlorine atoms contain 17 protons within their core. There are two isotopes. Three- pull ins of the chlorine atoms found in nature contain 18 neutrons and one quarter contains 20 neutrons. The mass numbers of these isotopes are 17 + 18 = 35 and 17 + 20 = 37. The isotopes are written as follows 35Cl and 37Cl. When isotopes are noted this way the number of protons and neutrons does not have to be mentioned separately, because the emblem ofchlorinewithin the periodic chart (Cl) is set on the seventeenth place. This already indicates the number of protons, so that one can always calculate the number of neutrons advantageously by means of the mass number. A great number of isotopes is not st able. They will fall apart during radioactive decay processes. Isotopes that are radioactive are called radioisotopes. Electronic shell The electronic configuration of an atom is a description of the arrangement of electrons in circles around the core.These circles are not just round they contain a wave-like pattern. For each circle the probability of an electron to be present on a certain location is described by a mathematic formula. Each one of the circles has a certain level of button, compared to the core. Commonly the strength levels of electrons are higher when they are further external from the core, but because of their charges, electrons can similarly influence each anothers energy levels. Usually the center field circles are filled up first, but there may be exceptions due to rejections. The circles are divided up in shells and sub shells, which can be numbered by means of quantities. Energy of first ionisation The ionisation energy means the energy that is required to make a allow atom or molecule lose an electron in a vacuum. In other words the energy of ionisation is a measure for the strength of electron bonds to molecules. This concerns only the electrons in the outer circle. Energy of sulphur ionisation Besides the energy of the first ionisation, which indicates how difficult it is to polish off the first electron from an atom, there is also an energy measure for second ionisation. This energy of second ionisation indicates the degree of difficulty to remove the second atom. As such, there is also the energy of a third ionisation, and sometimes even the energy of a quarter or fifth ionisation. Standard emf difference The standard potential means the potential of a redox reaction, when it is at equilibrium, in relation to zero. When the standard potential exceeds zero, we are dealing with an oxidation reaction. When the standard potential is below zero, we are dealing with a reduction reaction. The st andard potenti